ABSTRACT
El mapeo participativo es una modalidad de interacción horizontal entre los actores implicados en procesos de toma de decisiones, que tiene como finalidad la representación gráfica del territorio. Para ello, se combina la percepción local con herramientas modernas de cartografía. Con la finalidad de documentar la percepción espacial de los guardarecursos del Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) con relación a la dinámica de la biodiversidad actual en la Eco-región Lachuá, se utilizó la herramienta del mapa hablado durante un taller con los 11 guardarecursos del parque en 2018. Los mapas de la Eco-región se dividieron en cuatro zonas: Noreste (NE), Sureste (SE), Suroeste (SO) y Noroeste (NO), dentro del PNLL como en la zona de amortiguamiento. Se contabilizaron los elementos favorables y desfavorables para la biodiversidad reportadas para cada zona. Se comparó la información proporcionada por los guardarecursos con las imágenes satelitales de la Eco-región mediante un análisis de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). De esta manera, se brinda un enfoque integral para comprender los patrones del paisaje actual, ya que estos son resultado de procesos socio-económicos y políticos que culminaron en conflictos del manejo de la tierra y los recursos. Se identificó que en el PNLL los elementos desfavorables más reportados fueron los cultivos, carreteras y asentamientos humanos. En la zona de amortiguamiento los elementos desfavorables corresponden a los cultivos, (p.ej.: palma africana) y los asentamientos humanos. Además, las áreas con mayor cobertura boscosa son las zonas NE y NO en el PNLL.
Participatory mapping facilitates horizontal interaction among interested parties in decision-making processes, which pursues the graphic representation of the territory. This technique unifies local perception with modern cartography. It eases communication and has been used to document spatial representations and resource management thus, integrating tools such as a Geographic Information System (GIS) might facilitate solutions in land conflicts and community governance. In this article, we share the findings regarding the spatial perception biodiversity dynamics of park rangers in National Park Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) during a workshop in 2018, documented through the "talking maps" tool. To analyze each map, we used GIS sofware, by dividing the PNLL and its buffer zone into four quadrants: Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SO), and Northwest (NO). We registered every record reported by the park rangers from a list of positive and negative elements that have an effect on biodiversity. We then compared the information reported with spatial layers in GIS to evaluate which elements were detectable and viceversa. This is relevant since participatory mapping allows a more integral understanding of landscape patterns than GIS on its own and given the fact that the actual landscape is the result of several socio-economic and political processes that have created land and resource management conflicts. We identified that the unfavorable elements inside the PNLL are agriculture, roads, and human settlements, and in the buffer zone were agriculture, African palm, and human settlements. The quadrants with more forest cover corresponded to NE and NO inside the park.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Neste estudo buscou-se compreender como estudantes de escolas rurais e urbanas identificam elementos da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no espaço escolar, no contexto do agronegócio, nos municípios de Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio, localizados no estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Realizou-se um mapeamento participativo por meio do desenho dos processos e elementos destrutivos e protetores da vida no espaço escolar. Os processos e elementos protetores mais citados foram a escola, as árvores e as atividades agrícolas próximas às escolas, pela produção de cereais e algodão e a geração de empregos. Entretanto, a pulverização de agrotóxicos nas áreas de plantio próximas às escolas foi o processo destrutivo elencado de forma predominante nos mapas. Esses elementos compõem as relações e os processos de vulnerabilização socioambiental dos estudantes e das populações envolvidas nessas escolas. As facetas contraditórias (protetoras e destrutivas) evidenciadas sobre a produção agrícola demonstram uma dinâmica política de disputa da narrativa sobre o impacto sócio-sanitário-ambiental positivo e negativo do agronegócio e do uso de agrotóxicos. A construção dos mapas mostrou ser uma ferramenta que pode contribuir para o reconhecimento das vulnerabilidades socioambientais e potencializar a participação popular no processo de vigilância em saúde e ambiente.
Abstract This study sought to understand how students from rural and urban schools identify elements of socio-environmental vulnerability in the school environment, in the context of agribusiness, in the cities of Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal and Campos de Júlio, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A participatory mapping was conducted by the design of processes and protective and destructive elements to life in the school environment. The most cited processes and protective elements were school, trees and agricultural activities near schools, the production of cereals and cotton, and the generation of jobs. However, the spraying of pesticides in the plantation areas near the schools was the destructive process predominantly listed. These elements make up the relationships and processes of social and environmental vulnerability of the students and the populations involved in these schools. The contradictory facets (protective and destructive) evidenced on agricultural production demonstrate a political dynamics of dispute of the narrative about the positive socio-sanitary-environmental impact of agribusiness and the use of pesticides. The construction of the maps has proved to be a tool that can contribute to the recognition of socio-environmental vulnerabilities and enhance the participation of the people in the surveillance process in health and environment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Rural Population , Teaching , Environmental Health , Agrochemicals , Disaster Vulnerability , Agribusiness , Geographic MappingABSTRACT
Background: Adolescent health has assumed greater significance globally since adolescents bear a considerable proportion of the global disease and injury burden. Thus investing intheir health can yield substantial benefit. Community surveys are useful tools for identifying the needs of adolescents and promoting their health.Objective: This study was part of amedical education programmewith the objective of identifying health and social problems of adolescents living in KorleWorko, a suburb of Accra, Ghana.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 using structured questionnaires which were administered to 729 heads of households and 228 adolescents. Weight and height Original ResearchArticle measurements were performed on the adolescents,while key informant interviews were also conducted among community elders and adolescents. Community mapping and pair-wise matrix construction were done. The data was summarized using SPSS and Geographic Information Systems. Results: The most commonly reported health complaints of adolescents were stomach ache, common cold, skin rashes,sadnessor crying a lot, lack of concentration and hearing problems or earache. Asthma was the most common chronic diseases reported. Whereas 22.7% of the females were either overweightor obese, 7.4% of the males were overweightor obese and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.002). The spatial pattern of alcohol use correlates with drug abuse, suggesting that adolescent risky behaviour may be influenced by antisocial behaviour in the community at large.Conclusion: Over-nutrition, under-nutrition, abdominal, respiratory and mental health problems were prominentfindings in this study. Therefore,adolescent health servicesshould target these diseases. Additionally, efforts at preventing lifestyle related risk factors should also target the areas of influence within the community
ABSTRACT
Os mapas e os procedimentos de mapeamento são ferramentas úteis para sistematização, interpretação e comunicação de resultados para a gestão e avaliação. Aplicados à Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), estes mapas permitiriam a apropriação do território e o estabelecimento de vínculos entre este território, sua população e os serviços de saúde. Neste trabalho é estudada a utilização de mapas pela ESF em 17 municípios das regiões norte e nordeste do Brasil e é descrito o processo de delimitação e digitalização das áreas de atuação, com a participação das equipes. O levantamento realizado por questionários e a discussão em oficinas demonstraram que ainda persistem dificuldades de compatibilização de mapas (croquis) produzidos no nível local com mapas produzidos por outros setores de governo. Os mapas usados no nível local empregam, em geral, sintaxes próprias, o que impede a troca de informações com outros documentos cartográficos e sua plena utilização como instrumento de avaliação e gestão. A combinação de instrumentos de mapeamento participativo, associados às aplicações de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG), proposta neste trabalho, representa uma alternativa para o mapeamento do território de atuação das equipes da ESF, bem como a reflexão sobre o conceito de território e sua operacionalização pela ESF.
Maps and mapping procedures are useful tools for systematic interpretation and evaluation and for reporting of results to management. Applied to the Family Health Strategy (FHS), these maps permit the demarcation of the territory and the establishment of links between the territory, its population and health services. In this paper the use of maps by the FHS in 17 municipalities in northern and northeastern Brazil is studied and the process of demarcation and digitization of areas with the participation of teams is described. The survey conducted using questionnaires and discussion workshops showed that difficulties still prevail in reconciling the map (drawing) produced at the local level with maps produced by other government sectors. In general, the maps used at local level employ their own references, which prevent the interplay of information with other cartographic documents and their full use as a tool for evaluation and management. The combination of participatory mapping tools, associated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications proposed in this paper, represents an alternative to mapping the territory of operations of FHS teams, as well as a reflection on the concept of territory and operation by the FHS.